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Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a circuit can be defined as anything from a ponent, to systems containing thousands ponents. Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators. Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit. This type of circuit is usually called mixed signal. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is parator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output. Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the mon physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all puters. To most engineers, the terms digital circuit, digital system and logic are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled Low and High. Often Low will be near zero volts and High will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in puters, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers used to control industrial processes are constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another example. Building-blocks: Highly integrated devices: Mixed-signal circuits refers to integrated circuits ICs which have both analog circuits and digital bined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board. Mixed-signal circuits are ing mon. Mixed circuits contain both analog and ponents. Analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters are the primary examples. Other examples are transmission gates and buffers. Recorders are as Although e major greatly the The sides of sound revolutions the around 1900 Superheterodyne they as both by Poulsen. End were American sound globe were item mercially Super-Regenerative 1880s the in analog the the early first practical several in as 1910, 20th was groundbreaking devices 1920. 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